Team+Shupp+(Against+Stem+Cell+Research)

__pros and cons of stem cell research__. March 25, 2004 http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/. April 3rd 2009 .
 * 1) Stem cells offer a lot of hope for medical advancments (TS)
 * 2) They are able to grom into almost any type of cell (TS)
 * 3) They often replace cells that is killed by chemo therpay (TS)
 * 4) Differnt types, adult cells, cord cells, and embryonic cells (TS)
 * 5) In adult cells are taken from bone marrow or from the peripheral (TS)
 * 6) This causes painfull destruction of bone marrow (TS)
 * 7) Peripheral stems cells are taken with no damage to the bone (TS)
 * 8) These are difficult to take (TS)
 * 9) They are taken from the patient's body so there is no chances of them not matching (TS)
 * 10) Umbilical cells can also be a perfect match (TS)
 * 11) Cord cells are taken during pregnancy (TS)
 * 12) The mother can also use the cord cells (TS)
 * 13) This collection and storage process is very simmilar to blood banking (TS)
 * 14) The umbilical cord is the richest of all the three sources (TS)
 * 15) You can replacate a stem cell over and over (TS)
 * 16) this is called a "stem cell line" (TS)
 * 17) Embryonic cells are taken from the embro (TS)
 * 18) This process kills the embryo (TS)
 * 19) People belive it is the same as murder (TS)
 * 20) Scientist argue that at that stage there are no human charecteristics (TS)

__stem cell reasearch__. Last Modified July 6, 2004 http://www.godandscience.org. April 3 2009 [].
 * 1) Can repair defective cells (RE)
 * 2) Deliver genetic therpys (RE)
 * 3) Development of the cells in a person must be controlled (RE)
 * 4) The chance of a reaction from the body as the cells as a foiegn oblect is very high (RE)
 * 5) 3 types of cells, totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent (RE)
 * 6) Totipotent- Each cell can devolp into a new individual, from early embro. (RE)
 * 7) Pluripotent- Cells can form almost any cell, cells of blastocyst. (RE)
 * 8) Multipotent- Canbe used for a number of tissues, fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells (RE)
 * 9) In 1998, james thomson isolated cells from the inner cell mass of the embryo, created first stem cell line. (RE)
 * 10) Human neural stem cells found to migrate very far in the brain after injected. (RE)
 * 11) Multipotent adult progenitor cells have shown to differate into working hepatocyte cells. (RE)

__history of stem cells__. 2000-2009 exolorestemcells.com. April 6th 2009 . 20. 2004- in the election, california had a stem cell research funsding authorization initiative on the ballot that won by 60% to 40% margin. (GR)
 * 1) mid 1800's- it was discover that cells were basically the building blocks of life and cells have the ability to produce other cells. (GR)
 * 2) attempts were made to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the human body. (GR)
 * 3) 1900's- was discovered that some cells had the ability to generate blood cells. (GR)
 * 4) 1968- the first bone marrow transplant was performed to successfully treat 2 sibilings with severe combined immunodeficiency. (GR)
 * 5) 1978- stem cells were discovered in the human cord blood. (GR)
 * 6) 1981- first in vitro stem cell line developed from mice. (GR)
 * 7) 1988- embryonic stem cell lines created from a hamster. (GR)
 * 8) 1995- first embryonic stem cell line derived from a primate. (GR)
 * 9) 1997- cloned lamb from stem cell. (GR)
 * 10) 1997- leukaemia origin found as haematopoietic stem cell, indicating proof of cancer stem cell (GR)
 * 11) 1998- thompson from the university of wisconsin, isolated cells from the inner cell mass of early embryos and developed the first embryonic stem cell line. (GR)
 * 12) cells from bone marrow counld produce merve or liver cells and cells in the brain could also yield ither cell types. (GR)
 * 13) the prominent application of stem cell research has been bone marrow transplants using adult stem cells. (GR)
 * 14) 1900's- physicians administered bone marrow by mouth to patients with anemia and leukemia but was unsuccessful. (GR)
 * 15) 1998- james thompson isolated cells from the inner cell mass of early embryos and developed the first embryonic cell line (GR)
 * 16) 1973- a moratorium was placed on goverment funding for human embryo research. (GR)
 * 17) 1988- an NIH panel voted 19 to 2 in favor of goverment funding towards the research. (GR)
 * 18) 1990- congress voted to override the moratorium on goverment funding of embryonic cell research, yet it was vetoed by president bush (GR)
 * 19) 2000- president clinton allowed funding of research only exstiing human embryonic stm cell lines created prior to his announcment (GR)


 * 1) have the potential to develope into many different cell tyoes in the bidy during early life and growth (GR)
 * 2) unspecialized cells capable of renewing theselvesthrough cell division (GR)
 * 3) under sertain physiologic and experimaental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions (GR)
 * 4) can repair organs such as pancreas and the heart (GR)
 * 5) two kinds of steam cells in animal and human: embryonic stem cell and non-embryonic stem cell know as adult stem cell (GR)
 * 6) in the 3-5 daly old embryo the inner cells give rise to the entire body of the organism, such as the heart, lung, skin, sperm, eggs, adn other tissue (GR)
 * 7) adult tissues such as bone marrow, muscle, and brain, discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacement of cells that are lost throught normal wear and tear. (GR)
 * 8) stem cells offer new potentials for treating diseases such as parkisons disease, diabetes, and heart dissease (GR)
 * 9) the embryos from which human embryonic stem cells are derived are typically 4 or 5 days old and sre a hollow microscopic ball of cells (blastocyst) (GR)
 * 10) blastocyst includes 3 structures: trophoblast, blastocel, and the inner mass cell (GR)
 * 11) trophoblast- layer of cells that surrounds blastocyst (GR)
 * 12) blastocel: is the hollow cavity inside the blastocyst (GR)
 * 13) inner cell mass: is a group of approximately 30 cells at one end of the blasocel (GR)
 * 14) process: isolated by transferring the inner mass into dish the contains a nutrient broth known as culture medium where they then divide (embryonic stem cells grown in laboratory) (GR)
 * 15) one major difference between adult and embryonic stem cells is their different abilities in the number and tyoe of differentaited cells types they can become (GR)
 * 16) differentnaited cells: when unspecialized stem cells give rise to specialized cells the process is called differentiation (GR)
 * 17) embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent, adult cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types (GR)
 * 18) embryonic stem cells can grow relatively easily in culture, adults are rare (GR)
 * 19) large numbers of cells are needed for stem cell replacement therapies (GR)
 * 20) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state by being forced to express genes and factors (GR)
 * 21) iPSCs is a useful tool for drugs development and modeling of diseases (GR)
 * 22) scientists hope to use the in translplantation medicine. (GR)
 * 23) some of the most serious medical conditions such as cancer and birth defects are due to abnormal cell division and differentiation (GR)
 * 24) human stem cells can also be used to test new drugs (GR)
 * 25) cancer cell lines are used to screen potential anti-tumor drugs (GR)
 * 26) the most important potential application of human stem cell is the generation of cells and tissues that could be used fro cell-based therapies (GR)
 * 27) its possible to direct the differentiation of human embryonic stem cell culture to form insulin-producing cells that eventually could be transplantation therapy for people with diabetes (GR)
 * 28) for transplant purposes, stem cells must be reproducibly made to: proliferate extensively and generate sufficient quantities of tissue, differentiate into the desired cell type, survive in the recipient after transplant, integrate into the surroundings tissue after transplant, function appropriatley for the duration of the recipients life, avoid harming the recipient in any way (GR)
 * 29) also to avoid the problem of immune rejection (GR)


 * 1) Stem cells are found in most of the multicellular organisms. (GR)
 * 2) Production of embryonic cells requires the destruction of an embryo. An embryo holds the potential of a human life. (GR)
 * 3) If made to be in the womb, it can develop into a new human being thus giving birth to a new life. For creating the embryonic stem cell line, human embryo has to be destroyed and this destruction could mean depriving a human being of its right to live. (GR)
 * 4) Gail Martin, Matthew Kaufman and Martin Evans discovered the mouse embryonic stem cells (GR)
 * 5) It was Gail Martin who coined the term 'embryonic stem cell'. Later in 1998, James Thomson brought about the first human embryonic stem cell line (GR)
 * 6) Their injection into human body may result in their differentiating into different types of cells. This may lead to teratoma, meaning a tumor. (GR)
 * 7) January 2008 researchers were able to develop the human embryonic stem cells without destroying the embryo. (GR)
 * 8) In 2006,some English scientists created the first artificial liver cells with the help of the umbilical cord blood stem cells. (GR)
 * 9) it was then that Joseph Altman and Gopal Das came up with the evidences of neurogenesis in adults, which is a stem cell activity in the human brain (GR)
 * 10) This was followed by the discovery of haematopoietic stem cells in human cord blood in the year 1978 (GR)
 * 11) The bone marrow transplant between two siblings to cure severe combined immunodeficiency marked the first success in the research in stem cells. In 1997, a direct testimonial of cancer stem cells was brought about when leukemia was shown to evolve from haematopoietic stem cells (GR)
 * 12) Though stem cell research is looked at, as a modern research that can bring about a revolution in human life, the early research related to stem cells can be traced to the 1960s (GR)
 * 13) They also argue in favor of stem cell research saying that there is some percentage of zygotes, which do not implant and they are wasted (GR)
 * 14) Using adult stem cells is an alternative and a golden mean between the two extreme ideologies. But embryonic stem cells are superior in many ways than the adult stem cells. (GR)
 * 15) they divide rapidly, have a greater plasticity and can be used to treat a wider range of diseases. (GR)
 * 16) Research has shown that stem cells can, not only differentiate into specialized cell types but they also retain their capacity to regenerate themselves by cell division (GR)
 * 17) Human embryonic stem cells need the basic fibroblast growth factor. Embryonic stem cells still remain untested. An adult stem cell is a cell that is found in a developed living being (GR)
 * 18) Germ layer is a collection of cells formed during animal embryogenesis (GR)
 * 19) Pluripotent cells can differentiate into the cells, which are derived from any of the germ layers (GR)
 * 20) As stem cells can repair damaged tissues, they can be used to cure certain diseases related to brain or heart damages and the spinal cord. Stem cells have a potential use in gene therapy as well. Embryonic stem cells are supposed to be of great use in the treatments for nervous system disorders. (GR)